Project Management Methodologies and Frameworks Explained
Those new to project management often confuse methodologies and frameworks. Learn how both are different and what some notable methodologies and frameworks are.
Projects fail all the time. According to a recent Standish Group report, only 36% of projects succeed in meeting the requirements. Why do so many projects veer off track?
There are a number of reasons–from a change in the organization’s priorities and project objectives to procrastination and task dependency. But most of them point towards a common factor that is lack of clear direction.
In project management, without adequate requirements and objectives, projects are subjected to,
- Scope creep
- Budget overruns
- Delays
Source – PMI’s Pulse of Profession Report, 2018
However, there is a simple way to avoid most of these roadblocks and that is using various styles of project management methodologies and frameworks.
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How to choose the right project management methodology and framework
Project management methodologies and frameworks will be useful only if you take a practical approach to implement them. When a framework or methodology is forced upon a project, it will end badly.
On the contrary, if you make the effort to understand the nuances of a methodology or framework and tailor it to fit your business needs, you’ll wind up with a successful project.
Since there is an array of project management techniques available in the market, it can be a bit challenging to pick the right one.
Types of project management methodologies and frameworks
1. Waterfall methodology
The waterfall or traditional methodology is sequential and linear in nature. It is made up of static phases that are executed one after the other in a particular order. While the waterfall methodology allows more room to control each phase of the project, it doesn’t react well to ad-hoc project scope changes.
| Origin | Inherited from the manufacturing and construction industry where iterations cannot be afforded |
| Nature | Tasks on waterfall projects are classified into groups (phases) based on their activity type |
| Risk | A phase starts only when the previous one ends, so there will be a delay even if one phase is late |
Phases in waterfall project management
Typically the waterfall method comprises of five important phases:
- Requirements – business needs and project requirements are analyzed and documented
- Design – make a detailed plan on how to accomplish business and project goals
- Implement – implement the project plan and set baselines to measure progress
- Control – compare project performance with plans and fix problems that arise
- Closure – share project accomplishments with clients, get final approval, and close project
When all these activities are listed out on a Gantt chart, it resembles the slopes of a waterfall, and hence it is named the Waterfall model.
2. Critical Chain Project Management Methodology
Critical chain project management (CCPM) helps project managers deliver timely and cost-effective projects by taking resource and task dependencies into account. It spots strategic points in project scheduling and inserts buffers to ensure that each project milestone is hit on time despite limited resources and project uncertainties.
Determining the critical chain
The first step in identifying the critical chain is figuring out the critical path. Then, load resources along the critical path. This may or may not cause a change in the critical path depending on the resource crunch.
The critical chain is the resource-constrained critical path. Once the critical chain is identified, buffers are added to nullify any uncertainty.
Buffers
Critical chain project management uses buffers as a safety margin to ensure that all tasks are completed within the project schedule.
Listed below are the four common types of buffers used:
- Project buffer: Positioned at the end of the project between the last task and the completion date to keep the project completion date unchanged. The size of the project buffer depends on the activity duration in the critical chain.
- Feeding buffer: Placed at points where the non-critical chain meets the critical chain. It prevents delays in the non-critical chain from affecting the function of the critical chain.
- Resource buffer: Inserted in the critical chain to ensure that critical resources are available throughout the project whenever required.
- Capacity buffer: Deployed to set on-call resources wherever necessary in the case when several resource constraints arise all at once.
Compared with other project management approaches, CCPM has a pretty straightforward way of implementation.
3. Agile methodology
Agile methodology is an iterative and people-centric approach to project management that focuses on responding to change over following detailed planning.
It reduces the complexity of a project by breaking down the project cycle into smaller segments allowing room for changes at later stages. To be an agile project it needs to follow the core values and key principles defined in the Agile Manifesto.
What is the Agile Manifesto
A methodology is defined as agile if it follows the values and principles defined in the Agile Manifesto. Rather than prescribing how a project needs to run, the agile manifesto defines the mindset on how best to manage projects.
The four core values listed below in the agile manifesto take up the heart of what it means to be agile.
Agile is not for everyone
While agile’s highly flexible approach makes it seem alluring, it doesn’t work well with all projects. For instance, a marketing agency could never adopt the agile method since the clients may not be interested in half-baked marketing ideas that need too many iterations and revisions. In this case, working increments don’t exist, only deliverables matter.
While the agile methodology has a number of advantages, it has its fair share of drawbacks as well. As this approach doesn’t place much importance on documentation, it is extremely difficult to bring new team members up to speed. As progress happens over a number of cycles, measuring it is much harder when compared to the waterfall approach.
The need for constant communication in project management demands more time and energy from everyone. Since there is no clear end, projects can go on forever and ever. There is a high chance for scope creep and experience riot.
4. Kanban framework
The Kanban framework is a method that helps businesses plan and organizes project activities visually by prioritizing tasks on boards.
It is one of the clearest, simple, and most effective project management tools. In simple terms, Kanban helps project managers manage their tasks, documents, lists, and files in a single interface.
Kanban board
A Kanban board is a project visualization tool that helps team management work effortlessly. Kanban boards are usually represented as interactive panels with virtual sticky notes that can be moved around easily to organize tasks and to-do lists.
The Kanban board represents a project workflow where columns show the steps in a process and list down the relevant tasks involved. Every Kanban board is made up of Kanban lists and Kanban cards.
A list or lane holds a set of interconnected cards that are in the same stage of a process. Each card describes an individual task or activity and includes essential data for a specific task. These cards are usually represented in a specific color code depending on the nature of the task and the stage it is in.
5. Scrum framework
The term Scrum originated from rugby. In rugby, the process where a team huddles around the ball and attempts to pass it down the field to win is referred to as Scrum. The scrum framework helps every person in the team to work together and complete a project successfully.
What is the Scrum framework?
Scrum framework is the most widely used Agile methodology that enables small, closely-knit teams to create complex products in an incremental way. The Scrum framework decomposes work from the visionary and strategic level to easily consumable, actionable tasks that all team members can work on during a sprint.
Scrum values have five fundamental rules that can be implemented in your scrum project management framework which helps teams to improve performance daily.
How Scrum project management works
In a Scrum environment, the complete workflow is built around a sprint. Unlike the waterfall methodology that locks up resources several months in advance, Scrum allows the team to focus on scrum sprint meetings with a handful of tasks for two weeks, reflect on results, and then decide what to work on.
Before Sprint
Before you start every sprint, any agile marketing team needs to plan what they’ll work on for the next two weeks. The process starts with the product owner describing the desired goal for the sprint.
Based on this, scrum master creates a list of tasks that need to be completed within the sprint.
During Sprint
Once the sprint starts, the scrum master will distribute the work and coordinate team members to get things done on time.
In addition to executing the task, the team also does a daily stand-up where everyone shares a quick status update and measures the project progress using a burndown chart that shows a visual representation of work left to do versus time.
After Sprint
Once the sprint ends, the team gets together to look back on what they have accomplished. Typically, the reflection phase consists of a review session (see what has been accomplished and what is yet to be done) and the sprint retrospective session (discuss the process of what went well and what can be improved).
After this, the team comes up with new sprint goals and decides what they need to focus on during the next sprint.
Scrum roles
There are 3 roles in the Scrum project management framework:
1. Product owner
Product owners are visionaries who ensure that the team and scrum masterwork on goals that are aligned seamlessly with the business goal. They spend more time with the stakeholders and clients. They focus more on the end result than the mode of implementation.
2. Scrum master
Similar to a project manager, every scrum master ensures the enforcement of the scrum framework and focuses on facilitating team management. Unlike project managers, scrum masters don’t manage people as it goes against agile principles.
3. Team members
Team members take care of the actual work. Being inherently cross-functional, team members handle everything from analysis to execution and verification. Members of a scrum team are highly self-organized and so they perform efficiently without any supervision.
Scrum works better for small teams that consist of up to a maximum of 9 people. The team dynamics of large teams render Scrum ineffective.
6. Lean Methodology
The lean methodology has its origins in the manufacturing units of Toyota which revolutionized the production of physical goods in the 1950s. A few decades later it found applications in knowledge work as well, helping businesses eliminate lean wastes, improve processes, and work with tighter budgets and shorter deadlines.
5 principles of lean
There are five key Lean principles in Lean Project Management Methodology:
1. Value
Specifying the value to the customer is one of the core principles of the Lean framework. Even before you start a project, define what value it brings to the customer. This mindset and clarity will help you work on the functionality and features your customers need.
2. Value stream
It’s important to map the value stream for the entire cycle of the project starting from the required materials to delivery to the customer. Once the value stream mapping is done, each step is analyzed to identify areas of waste. So it’s essential to map every step, material, process, and feature.
3. Flow
After eliminating everything that doesn’t add value, there should be a smooth flow of sequential steps. There shouldn’t be any delays or interruptions that will prevent you from achieving your final goal.
4. Pull
The project should move forward and managers should take action only when the customer demands it. As opposed to traditional approaches that involve forecasts to push work, Lean ensures teams won’t take steps ahead of time so as to avoid waste and reduce inventory.
5. Perfection
Lean emphasizes chasing perfection through continuous improvement. Regularly reassess your processes with the goal of eliminating waste and maximizing efficiency.
Nature of the PRINCE2 methodology
The PRINCE2 methodology is a mixture of 7 principles, themes, and processes.
Basic principles of the PRINCE2 methodology
